Dr. Willa M. Hemmons
Professor, Department of Social Work
Cleveland State University
Any answer to this question must take into consideration the status of African Americans in general in U.S. society. Our higher education system, ultimately, is only as fair and just as the society in which it operates — witness the abolition of affirmative action in the California university system.
The growth of business-related interests also have begun to have an even greater influence than formerly upon universities. The adoption of business methods and procedures (e.g., MBO or management by objective) has put universities in the position of having to justify practices by virtue of "cost" and "efficiency."
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