Despite changes over the years in the content and administration of college admissions tests, the ACT and SAT are still controversial tools in evaluating student achievement, according to a new study.

The National Association for College Admission Counseling released a report this week about the exams, not as a prescriptive, but to continue engaging the public in debate. NACAC officials say the report should help colleges and counselors better understand the role of standardized tests, which have been criticized for bias and inaccurate measurement of a student’s college potential.

“These tests are a central component of a mechanism for allocating scarce resources — places at the nation’s most prestigious universities. Simply because of that role, college admissions tests will always be a focus of public debate,” writes author Rebecca Zwick, an education professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Zwick says colleges must continue to do research that shows whether test scores and other admission criteria predict student performance. The paper also asks readers to ponder unresolved questions such as “What does a test score say about a college applicant?” “What influence do test scores have in predicting whether students will succeed in college?” “Do institutions clearly articulate the reasons why standardized tests are included as requirements for admissions?”

The ACT and SAT are the two college admissions tests used. Both have recently evolved. In 1994, the SAT allowed calculators on the math portion and in 2005 added a writing portion. In 2002, the ACT added a writing portion. Zwick writes that part of the concern is that if the SAT is not linked to high school courses, is it intended to gauge intellectual aptitude or academic achievement.

The nonprofit National Center for Fair & Open Testing contends that the SAT and ACT underpredict performances of females, older students and students whose native language is not English. The group advocates scrapping admissions exams in favor of a comprehensive review of a student’s high school record.