2000 Hopwood v. Texas, refusing to consider a lower court ruling that says developing a racially or ethnically diverse student body could not serve as a legitimate governmental reason for implementing a race-based admissions policy.
2003 Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, banning use of rigid formulas that award points based on race for admission to the University of Michigan's undergraduate program and law school. But the court permits colleges to consider race as part of a "holistic review" of every application.
- Associated Press
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