Immediately after the shooting that later claimed the life of Shalita Middleton, 17, Delaware State University officials utilized many of the lessons learned from the Virginia Tech massacre, and responded by quickly locking down the campus and notifying students and staff. But what do campuses do to prevent the violence in the first place?

“On campus, the best approach to violence prevention is probably encouraging bystander intervention. This teaches third parties to observe, identify and intervene when they see the kind of behavior that could lead to violence or injury,” says Theresa Kersch, chairperson of the American College Health Association’s (ACHA) Campus Violence Coalition (CVC).

Much of the research on bystander intervention grew out of attempts to reduce date rape and sexual harassment. Earlier approaches to prevent violence against women  tended to alienate students by characterizing all women and men as potential victims or perpetrators. Bystander intervention tries to engage all students as possible protectors who could help prevent situations from escalating, or aid victims after an incident. It starts with creating a campus culture where date rape or sexual harassment is unacceptable. Both men and women are taught to identify and challenge attitudes and behaviors that promote or condone sexist behavior, such as showing pornographic movies in dormitories.

“We’ve had the most success with alcohol abuse. Most students now agree that drunken driving is unacceptable, and know the interventions like taking away the keys or offering a ride home,” says Dr. Eric Buhi, assistant professor of community and family health at University of South Florida’s College of Public Health. “For date rape, it could be as simple as saying, ‘Hey, let’s go get something to eat’ to give a drunken girl a chance to reconsider going upstairs with some guy during a frat party.”

One important resource on prevention is the ACHA’s Campus Violence White Paper. Written by Dr. Joetta Carr, the former chair of the CVC, it addresses sexual violence, hate crimes, hazing, celebratory violence, suicide and attempted suicide. However, even though it does mention murder and aggravated assault, it is virtually silent about the type of incident haunting DSU.