A Mandate for Native History
The Montana Indian Education for All Act may be setting a national precedent for America’s schools, but colleges and universities are not yet on board.
By Mary Annette Pember
The Montana Indian Education For All Act, the first of its kind in the country, may be setting an audacious national precedent for America’s primary and secondary schools.
The law requires all Montana schools to include curricula about the history, culture and contemporary status of the state’s American Indian population. The new constitutional mandate has eyes throughout Native education circles trained on Montana, especially because the tribes will contribute directly to the curricula. Montana’s Office of Public Instruction worked with the state’s tribal leaders to create guidelines to support IEFA (see sidebar).
The history behind the Act is unique. It all began in 1972, during the Montana Constitutional Convention. At the time, the 100 constitutional delegates probably had no idea of the long, slow burn that their new article would ignite, nor the legal position in which the state would be placed as a result. The article read that the state “recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indian and is committed in its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural heritage.” By adding the language to Montana’s constitution, the delegates ensured that, sooner or later, the state would be legally bound to honor the mandate. Now, after 34 years of task forces, meetings, lawsuits and appeals, IEFA is a funded reality.
In 2003, the Montana Supreme Court held that the state was required to provide enough funding to meet the constitutional requirements of the Act. But it still took another two years for legislators to allocate more than $11 million to meet the mandates of IEFA, ensuring a “quality” education to all Montana students. During the same session, “quality” was defined as programs that “integrate the distinct and unique cultural heritage of American Indians into the curricula with particular emphasis on Montana Indians.”
