WASHINGTON – America’s neighborhoods took large strides toward racial integration in the last decade as Blacks and Whites chose to live near each other at the highest levels in a century.
Still, segregation in many parts of the U.S. persisted, with Hispanics in particular turning away from Whites.
A broad range of 2009 census data released Tuesday also found a mixed economic picture, with the poverty rate swinging wildly among counties from 4 percent to more than 40 percent as the nation grappled with a housing boom and bust. Just three U.S. localities reported median household incomes of more than $100,000, down from seven in 2000.
Segregation among Blacks and Whites increased in one-fourth of the nation’s 100 largest metropolitan areas, compared to nearly one-half for Hispanics.
The latest figures reflect new generations of middle-class Blacks moving to prosperous, fast-growing cities, said Dr. William H. Frey, a demographer at Brookings Institution who reviewed the census data.
“In contrast, the faster national growth of Hispanics has led to increased neighborhood segregation,” Frey said.
The U.S. in many ways remains divided by race and economic lines, said Dr. John Logan, a sociologist at Brown University who has studied residential segregation.
“Whites are still on average a large majority in the places where they live, and Blacks and Hispanics are the majority or near-majority in their neighborhoods,” he said. “They suggest that all the talk about a post-racial society means nothing at the level of neighborhood.”
Broken down economically, in 21 counties more than 1 in 3 people lived in poverty, many of them American Indian reservations in the High Plains. Amid swirling congressional debate over taxing the wealthy, three localities in Virginia had median household incomes of more than $100,000: the city of Falls Church and Fairfax and Loudoun counties.
The new information is among the Census Bureau’s most detailed release yet for neighborhoods, pending demographic results from the official 2010 census next spring.
Among other findings:
— New Orleans was among metros with the largest decline in segregation among Blacks and Whites since 2000, due largely to the exodus of low-income Blacks from the city after Hurricane Katrina.
— Four New York counties—which represent four of New York City’s five major boroughs except for Manhattan—ranked at the top of longest commute times to work, all in excess of 40 minutes: Richmond (Staten Island), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn) and Bronx. Residents in King, Texas, had the quickest trip: 3.4 minutes.
— Falls Church, Va., with the highest median household income at $113,313, also had the highest share of people ages 25 and older who had a bachelor’s degree or higher. In all, 17 of the nation’s 3,221 counties had college completion rates of more than 50 percent, compared to 62 counties whose rates were less than 10 percent.
The race trends hint at the upcoming political and legal wrangling over the 2010 census figures, to be published beginning next Tuesday. The data will be used to reallocate congressional districts, drawing new political boundaries.
New Hispanic-dominated districts could emerge, particularly for elected positions at the state and local level. States are required under the Voting Rights Act to respect the interests of minority voting blocs, which tend to support Democratic candidates.
Milwaukee, Detroit and New York were among the most segregated between Blacks and Whites, all part of areas in the Northeast and Midwest known by some demographers as the “ghetto belt.” On the other end of the scale, cities that were least likely to be segregated included Las Vegas; Honolulu; Raleigh, N.C.; and Albuquerque, N.M.
Hispanic integration was mixed. There was less Hispanic-White segregation in many large metros such as Seattle; Jacksonville, Fla.; and Las Vegas, according to census data. But in many smaller neighborhoods of places such as Los Angeles, Boston and Chicago, large numbers of more recently arrived Hispanic immigrants who often speak Spanish at home were clustering together for social support.
The findings on segregation are based on a pair of demographic measures that track the degree to which racial groups are evenly spread between neighborhoods. Both measures showed declines in Black-White segregation from 2000 to the lowest in generations.
For instance, the average White person now lives in a neighborhood that is 79 percent White, compared to 81 percent in 2000. The average Black person lives in a 46 percent Black neighborhood, down from 49 percent. For Hispanics, however, their average neighborhood last year was 45 percent Hispanic, up slightly from 44 percent.
“The political implications of these trends are great in the long run—majority Black districts will become harder to sustain, while more majority Hispanic districts will emerge, especially for state and local positions,” Logan said.
The figures come from previous censuses and the 2009 American Community Survey, which samples 3 million households. For places with fewer than 20,000 people, the ACS figures from 2005-2009 were averaged to help compensate for otherwise large margins of error.
Due to incomplete 2009 data, the analysis of racial segregation omits seven metro areas: Sarasota, Fla.; Greenville, S.C.; Harrisburg, Pa.; Jackson, Miss.; McAllen, Texas; Portland, Maine; and Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
