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Extra Credit, Extra Criticism

Extra Credit, Extra Criticism

Advanced Placement courses are increasingly being viewed as indicative of minority equity — and the indicators don’t look good.
By Pamela Burdman

OAKLAND, Calif.
Massanda D’Johns has always planned to go to college, and now the Castlemont High School senior isn’t taking any chances. Castlemont, in Oakland, Calif., offers six Advanced Placement courses, and at the end of her senior year, D’Johns will have taken them all.
“I might as well get the most I can while I’m in high school,” she said during a recent lunch break in her AP English classroom. “Plus, it’ll look good on my transcript. There are better opportunities if you have a college degree.”
D’Johns, 17, plans to apply to three University of California campuses, as well as Clark-Atlanta, Morris Brown and Howard universities.
And she thinks she stands a good chance of getting admitted. Ranked first in her class, she boasts a grade-point average of 3.87, not counting the extra weight that UC schools give for AP courses.
That extra credit is at the heart of a drive to expand AP opportunities for high school students in California, with new state funds being dedicated to the program in response to a civil rights lawsuit that accuses the state of not providing equal access to the rigorous college-level courses.
The emphasis on AP is not, however, unique to California. That’s partly because a U.S. Department of Education study of 1982 high school graduates concluded that students who took AP courses were more likely to complete college.
Increasingly AP is seen as an indication of school quality and a measure of equity — and in most places, equity is sorely lacking.
Of the roughly 750,000 students who took more than 1.2 million exams last May, only 36,000 — less than 5 percent — were African American. Minority students also tend to pass the classes at lower rates. While the national passing rate for AP classes nationwide is 65 percent, the rate is only about 33 percent of Black students and about 50 percent for Latino students.
“Our numbers for African American participation are not what we would like them to be nationally,” admits Dr. Frederick Wright, director of equity and access initiatives for AP at the College Board.
Many officials say the gap is not surprising, given that minority students are under-represented across the board when it comes to educational resources. But many people are seeking to expand opportunities.
In February, the College Board held a forum with the U.S. Department of Education to encourage states to promote AP and inform state officials of a pool of $20 million available to help them.
But with many states spearheading efforts to expand Advanced Placement programs to under-served schools, and with College Board officials waving money to boost the effort, many higher education experts are wondering: What role will the Advanced Placement program play in helping better prepare minority students for college? And how much can the program really affect retention for student populations desperately in need of help?

 State Support
The $30 million earmarked by the California Legislature earlier this year includes $8 million to expand a program to put AP courses online. The bulk of the money will go directly to high schools that offer few or no AP courses and have low college-going rates or a high number of low-income students. Some 550 schools are eligible for four-year grants of up to $75,000 for expanding their AP curriculum.
The legislation was tailored to recommendations of educational experts connected to the lawsuit. But lawyers for the American Civil Liberties Union say they are not prepared to settle their suit based on legislation alone. Implementation, they say, is key.
“We’re very concerned about how this affects students’ abilities to have equal educational opportunities while in high school and in preparation for higher education,” says ACLU staff attorney Rocio Cordoba.
The lawsuit and the legislation indicate how far AP has come from its roots in 1955, when three East Coast prep schools and three Ivy League institutions got together to provide a path for privileged students to get a jump-start on college work.
The AP program is overseen by the College Board and includes nationally standardized course curricula in 32 subjects, culminating with exams each May. Each year, more than 700,000 students take the exams, administered by Educational Testing Service. Those who score passing grades of 3, 4 or 5 can earn course credit and/or advance to higher level courses.
In California, where minority admissions to the state’s premier public universities have lagged since the University of California Board of Regents decided in 1995 to abolish affirmative action, the availability of AP courses is particularly salient.
It is one issue on which Ward Connerly, the Black regent who led the drive for race-neutral admissions, agrees with the ACLU.
“All high schools should be required to offer the courses,” Connerly says. “It’s tragic and ought to be illegal that many of them now do not.”
University of California applicants get a 5.0 instead of a 4.0 for an A in AP and honors courses. Perhaps because of the fierce competition to enter the university system, California students already take one-sixth of the AP tests given across the country.
While some states have been supporting the AP program for years with teacher training institutes and exam fee reimbursements, Southern states have only recently begun to follow suit now that the federal money has become available.
In Alabama, for example, 5,992 students took 8,782 AP exams in May 1999, but just 611 of those students were African Americans.
“That tells me that nobody, no matter what the color of their skin, is taking a whole lot of advantage of Advanced Placement,” Wright says.
“It hasn’t been an issue at the state level,” says Frank Heatherly, an educational specialist with the Alabama Department of Education.

‘The AP Type of Student’
Wright laments the fact that states like Alabama concentrate their limited dollars on programs to help the weakest students, figuring that, “the AP type of student is going to be successful no matter what.”
But Dr. Kati Haycock, director of The Education Trust, a leading educational reform
organization in Washington, D.C., is sympathetic to that view. She points to an apparent disconnect: While AP courses are the fastest growing segment of high school curricula, the fastest growing segment of college curricula is remedial education.
“I worry about this for the very kids for whom the AP courses are being argued — that’s minority and poor kids. If you look at a high school master schedule, you’ll find that the very best educated teachers are teaching AP, which has historically been the province of the most well-off kids,” Haycock says. “You end up maybe advantaging a few more kids, but creating huge and greater disadvantages for all the rest of the kids.”
She says AP is only an answer if it’s “the tip of a triangle that pulls other kids forward.”
That debate underscores the dilemma facing school systems like Oakland’s, where administrators would like to see more kids advancing to college, but at the same time are coping with high dropout rates, truancy, teacher turnover and other challenges common to inner-city schools.
At John F. Kennedy High School in Richmond, Calif., for example, students enrolled in last year’s AP Physics and AP English did not have a formal, long-term teacher for the entire school year. Many students declined to take the AP exams because they felt unprepared.
“There are always lots of pressing problems at a high school,” says Dolores del Barco, an Oakland administrator who recently completed a two-year project aimed at increasing AP enrollment. The position was prompted by a U.S. Office of Civil Rights investigation into minority access to higher level courses.
Del Barco, now a vice principal at Fremont High School in Oakland, says the number of teachers trained in AP increased from 23 to 66 last year, and the number of students enrolled went up from 913 to 1,090. She expects this year’s numbers to be higher yet. And most Oakland schools would be eligible for the state’s AP challenge grants to further enhance the AP program. 

A Long Way to Go
But Dr. Harriette Stevens, director of UC Berkeley’s Alliance for Collaborative Change in School Systems, says there is still a long way to go before minorities are enrolling in AP courses in high numbers.
“Even in the schools that have a very high proportion of African American students, it’s not necessarily reflected in the advanced courses,” Stevens says, adding that few AP teachers are African American. “There’s a lot of work to be done in that area.”
Under Stevens, Berkeley’s ACCESS program provides professional development for math teachers to teach advanced curriculum in Oakland and other districts. While offering the courses is one challenge, preparing kids to take them is another. “If you look at an eighth-grade algebra course, that’s where you want to see the diversity,” Stevens says. “If you don’t have it there, you’re probably not going to see it at the 12th grade.”
Linda Halpern, D’Johns’ English teacher and a 31-year veteran of Castlemont, agrees that the AP program still isn’t serving Black students as well as it could. Though about two-thirds of Castlemont’s students are African American, she has only seven Black students in her AP English Language class of 37.
Halpern also says some students who signed up to take AP courses weren’t scheduled into the classes. “There’s a spirit of lower expectations for these kids,” she says.
Halpern says she can count on two hands the number of Castlemont students of any race who have passed AP exams in any subject in the last several years. She blames deficient preparation and insufficient commitment on the part of the school, but she also notes impediments in the exams themselves. If the English exams concentrated more on American English than on British English, she says, her students would do better.
Nevertheless, Halpern believes the experience is still invaluable preparation for college.
D’Johns agrees. She took AP exams in English, U.S. history, and chemistry last year. She scored a 1 in chemistry, a 2 in history and another 2 in English. Though her scores won’t allow her to skip those classes in college, D’Johns still will receive extra credit for those classes when she applies to the University of California. The three historically Black colleges to which she applies also are bound to look at her challenging high school curriculum when they review her application and see her as a student likely to succeed in college.
But D’Johns is looking past college acceptance,  and focusing on the rigorous coursework she will encounter once she gets there. She believes the AP courses helped her do that.
“It’s not all about passing the test,” she says. “I felt like I really learned something. I think it will still help for college.” 



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